International Rights
Marzieh Karami
Abstract
Before September 2018, many people in the world did not think that the day would come when whispers of crime echoed in the atmosphere beyond the atmosphere and the judicial process, the jurisdiction of national and international courts and the type of crime would become a challenge for lawyers and astronauts. ...
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Before September 2018, many people in the world did not think that the day would come when whispers of crime echoed in the atmosphere beyond the atmosphere and the judicial process, the jurisdiction of national and international courts and the type of crime would become a challenge for lawyers and astronauts. In 2018, Ms. Anne McClain, an astronaut from the International Space Station, was able to access her husband's bank accounts on Earth, and this was the beginning of whispers about the first crime in outer space, although at the same time NASA announced that it would investigate the matter . Based on the location of the crime committed, the courts of the country registering the space object will have jurisdiction to deal with the crime committed in the space beyond the atmosphere. The court of the accused and the perpetrator may also qualify to deal with these crimes in certain circumstances. The actual jurisdiction of the courts will also be determined by the type of crime committed. These will be considered in determining the jurisdiction of the courts by this investigation. In recent days, the International Space Station has repeatedly announced that it is ready to hold month-long tours of space by hotel and by rocket. The world is preparing for space tourism and the possibility of living in Beyond the atmosphere, and there are many space trips that continue to be discussed about crimes outside the Earth's atmosphere and the jurisdiction of the courts, as well as the laws and regulations on this matter are not enough. Especially since the country's internal laws and regulations will also be dealt with in case of crimes under the Islamic Penal Code. The present study, with a descriptive - analytical approach, seeks to examine the criminal law governing space tourist travel and the laws and regulations governing it, as well as the jurisdiction of criminal courts when a crime occurs in space.
International Rights
Tahereh Farmanesh; Omid Norouzi; Ali Taghikhani; Ebrahim Moghadam
Abstract
Today, the centrality of military security is interwoven with biological and climate issues at the national and international levels, and more than ever, these aspects have received the attention of world leaders and politicians. In this direction and in order to investigate the major environmental issues ...
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Today, the centrality of military security is interwoven with biological and climate issues at the national and international levels, and more than ever, these aspects have received the attention of world leaders and politicians. In this direction and in order to investigate the major environmental issues and the impact of these issues on national security in a descriptive-analytical way and by referring to library sources and examining them, we are looking for an answer to the question that the impact of climate and environmental changes in to what extent is Iran's national security? This study showed that the security approach to the environment, in international law, has a fundamental place in the laws of countries. This issue has had a wide influence in the field of technology, business, industry, energy use. At the same time, work specialization and the growing role of social organizations in weakening the restrictions imposed by the environment have had a tremendous impact on the proliferation of security problems, and as a result, it has weakened the atmosphere of international relations between governments and sometimes led to conflicts. Is. This article also shows that in Iranian law, issues related to water shortage crisis and air pollution have an immediate and vital importance in terms of security and have managed to overshadow national security and authority
International Rights
Zahra Rahimi; Reza Rashidi
Abstract
The conflict of laws occurs when a private relationship is related to the laws of two or more countries due to the intervention of two or more foreign factors. In legal theories and international conventions, two methods have been adopted to solve the said conflict. The first method, which is customary ...
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The conflict of laws occurs when a private relationship is related to the laws of two or more countries due to the intervention of two or more foreign factors. In legal theories and international conventions, two methods have been adopted to solve the said conflict. The first method, which is customary in principled or dogmatic method, prefers political considerations and interests of the country over legal requirements. The second method, which is termed as legal method or appropriate selection, considers the verdict that is scientifically suitable for any legal issue. Also, private international law and international conventions have incorporated several rules to resolve the conflict of laws. Among them, we can refer to the rule of conflict resolution with main and secondary communication factors, the rule of conflict resolution of laws with main and secondary communication factors, the rule of plural conflict resolution, the rule of alternative conflict resolution, the rule of dissociative conflict resolution and the rule of conditional conflict resolution. It is the laws and regulations that discuss the non-domestic legal relations of nationals of countries and how to apply legal regulations to these nationals in terms of the jurisdiction of laws and courts. One of the most important issues related to private international law is the conflict of laws that occurs when a private law relationship to The reason for the intervention of one or more foreign factors is related to two or more countries. In this research, we examine the general conflict of laws and the issues raised in the conflict of laws in Iran's private international law
International Rights
Fereshteh Abbasi Tabrizi
Abstract
Background: Oil pollution in the sea occurs periodically and intermittently. Such incidents are of high significance in jurists and experts to the risks of marine environmental pollution. Nowadays, the environmental abuse has transcended national borders, while the function of the international legal ...
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Background: Oil pollution in the sea occurs periodically and intermittently. Such incidents are of high significance in jurists and experts to the risks of marine environmental pollution. Nowadays, the environmental abuse has transcended national borders, while the function of the international legal system in this area has not been so successful and satisfactory.Materials and Methods: In this study, all papers published up to the spring-2022 in Persian and Latin on evolutions in international law regarding compensation for oil pollution were reviewed. These publications are searched through databases, International Law Journal, Exploration and Production Monthly, sid.ir, Parliament Quarterly and Civilica Strategy and Publications, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Journal Quarterly, using keywords such as; environmental regulations, oil pollution, international responsibility of governments, compensation, environmental pollution have been obtained. It has also been extracted from reputable scientific journals from the above articles and websites.Findings: Compilation of environmental damage indicators, other than preventing the occurrence of environmental pollution, assist to fulfill the international responsibility of governments in the occurrence of environmental damage, so the study and analysis of the possibility of compiling the index of environmental damage. It is essential and inevitable in international treaties to prove the international responsibility of states.Conclusion: Although the existence of international conventions and their countries’ membership has had a positive impact on reducing oil pollution, however it has not been enough to perfectly eliminate oil pollution and the provision of basic guarantees in international agreements with effective international oversight is essential.
